Wilkinson, G. S. (1986). "Social Grooming in the Common Vampire Bat, Desmodus rotundus" (PDF). Anim. Behav. 34 (6): 1880–1889. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.539.5104. doi: 10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80274-3. S2CID 11214563. Keeley, A. T. H.; Keeley, B. W. (2004). "The Mating System of Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in a Large Highway Bridge Colony". Journal of Mammalogy. 85: 113–119. doi: 10.1644/BME-004.

Fleming, T. (2003). A Bat Man in the Tropics: Chasing El Duende. University of California Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0520236066. The best place to see bats at the reserve is at the 'Settling Pool'. Species most likely to be seen there are Daubenton’s and pipistelles, but noctules, brown long-eared and lesser horseshoes have also been recorded on the reserve. The perfect time of the year is visit is June-July, when there's also the chance to hear nightjars churring and catching a glimpse of glow-worms. Radnorshire Wildlife Trust a b Schondube, J. E.; Herrera-M, L. Gerardo; Martínez del Rio, C. (2001). "Diet and the evolution of digestion and renal function in phyllostomid bats" (PDF). Zoology. 104 (1): 59–73. doi: 10.1078/0944-2006-00007. PMID 16351819. The flying primate hypothesis proposed that when adaptations to flight are removed, megabats are allied to primates by anatomical features not shared with microbats and thus flight evolved twice in mammals. [17] Genetic studies have strongly supported the monophyly of bats and the single origin of mammal flight. [7] [17] Inner systematic [ edit ] ChiropteraKerth, G.; Perony, N.; Schweitzer, F. (2011). "Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fission–fusion dynamics of their groups". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1719): 2761–2767. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2718. PMC 3145188. PMID 21307051. a b Jones, G.; Holderied, M. W. (2007). "Bat echolocation calls: adaptation and convergent evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1612): 905–912. doi: 10.1098/Rspb.2006.0200. PMC 1919403. PMID 17251105.

Pavey, C. R.; Burwell, C. J. (1998). "Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis". Oikos. 81 (1): 143–151. doi: 10.2307/3546476. JSTOR 3546476.It takes a lot of energy and an efficient circulatory system to work the flight muscles of bats. Energy supply to the muscles engaged in flight requires about double the amount compared to the muscles that do not use flight as a means of mammalian locomotion. In parallel to energy consumption, blood oxygen levels of flying animals are twice as much as those of their terrestrially locomoting mammals. As the blood supply controls the amount of oxygen supplied throughout the body, the circulatory system must respond accordingly. Therefore, compared to a terrestrial mammal of the same relative size, the bat's heart can be up to three times larger, and pump more blood. [72] Cardiac output is directly derived from heart rate and stroke volume of the blood; [73] an active microbat can reach a heart rate of 1000 beats per minute. [74]

Kitti's Hog-Nosed Bat Is World's Smallest Mammal". SciTechDaily. 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2017. Gwaith Powdwr - This nature reserve is a fantastic example of a place where wildlife can thrive in a post-industrial setting. Gwaith Powdwr was once the biggest explosives works in Europe. It was donated to the North Wales Wildlife Trust by ICI in 1998 and is now managed as a nature reserve. Holland, R. A. (2004). "Echolocation signal structure in the Megachiropteran bat Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy 1810". Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (25): 4361–4369. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01288. PMID 15557022. Hilton Gravel Pits SSSI - This special nature reserve is an old gravel pit that has been restored for wildlife. In the early evening Daubenton’s bats swoop, twist and turn over the large open pools, putting on a great show! The first babastrelle bat in Derbyshire was also recorded here. Take a bat detector down and see how many you can find. Bishop, K. L. (2008). "The Evolution of Flight in Bats: Narrowing the Field of Plausible Hypotheses". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 83 (2): 153–169. doi: 10.1086/587825. PMID 18605533. S2CID 21638734.

Bats of the World". Bat Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2011.

The smallest bat is Kitti's hog-nosed bat ( Craseonycteris thonglongyai), which is 29–34mm ( 1 + 1⁄ 8– 1 + 3⁄ 8in) long with a 150-millimetre (6in) wingspan and weighs 2–2.6g ( 1⁄ 16– 3⁄ 32oz). [118] It is also arguably the smallest extant species of mammal, next to the Etruscan shrew. [119] The largest bats are a few species of Pteropus megabats and the giant golden-crowned flying fox, ( Acerodon jubatus), which can weigh 1.6kg ( 3 + 1⁄ 2lb) with a wingspan of 1.7m (5ft 7in). [120] Larger bats tend to use lower frequencies and smaller bats higher for echolocation; high-frequency echolocation is better at detecting smaller prey. Small prey may be absent in the diets of large bats as they are unable to detect them. [121] The adaptations of a particular bat species can directly influence what kinds of prey are available to it. [122] Ecology [ edit ] Tent-making bats ( Uroderma bilobatum) in Costa Rica Agnarsson, I.; Zambrana-Torrelio, C. M.; Flores-Saldana, N. P.; May-Collado, L. J. (2011). "A time-calibrated species-level phylogeny of bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia)". PLOS Currents. 3: RRN1212. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1212. PMC 3038382. PMID 21327164. SS did something similar, and they were mainly red. The committees didn’t like that. In those days there was trouble when the kits, especially boots, were not entirely white.Norberg, Ulla M. (1972). "Bat wing structures important for aerodynamics and rigidity (Mammalia, Chiroptera)". Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere. 73 (1): 45–61. doi: 10.1007/BF00418147. ISSN 1432-234X. S2CID 38538056. Irwin, N. (1997). "Wanted DNA samples from Nyctimene or Paranyctimene Bats" (PDF). The New Guinea Tropical Ecology and Biodiversity Digest. 3: 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2008. Moore, N. W. (1975). "The diurnal flight of the Azorean bat (Nyctalus azoreum) and the avifauna of the Azores". Journal of Zoology. 177 (4): 483–486. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb02248.x.